Pharmacokinetic modulation of intracellular activity: active efflux

Extrusion of antibiotics from the cytosol

ATP

ADP

MDR (Pgp)

(+) charged antibiotics

macrolides

streptogramins

tetracyclines

zwitterions

cephalosporins

fluoroquinolones

MRP

(-) charged antibiotics

ß-lactams

zwitterions

fluoroquinolones