1. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Sep;103(3):960-964. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0820. Artemisia Spp. Derivatives for COVID-19 Treatment: Anecdotal Use, Political Hype, Treatment Potential, Challenges, and Road Map to Randomized Clinical Trials. Kapepula PM(1), Kabengele JK(1), Kingombe M(2), Van Bambeke F(3), Tulkens PM(3), Sadiki Kishabongo A(4), Decloedt E(5), Zumla A(6), Tiberi S(6), Suleman F(7), Tshilolo L(8)(9)(10), Muyembe-TamFum JJ(11)(12), Zumla A(13)(14), Nachega JB(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Author information: (1)Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre d'Etudes des Substances Naturelles d'Origine Végétale (CESNOV), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. (2)National Program for the Promotion of Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plants (PNMT-PM), Ministry of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. (3)Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium. (4)Department of Clinical Biology, Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. (5)Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. (6)Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. (7)Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa. (8)Department of Pediatrics, Official University of Mbuji-Mayi (UOM), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. (9)Le Centre de Formation et d'Appui Sanitaire (CEFA), Centre Hospitalier Monkole, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. (10)Unit of Sickle Cell Disease and Clinical Research, Monkole Hospital Center, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. (11)Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. (12)National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. (13)National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, Hospitals, London, United Kingdom. (14)Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom. (15)Department of Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. (16)Center for Global Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (17)Departments of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases, and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (18)Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (19)Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. The world is currently facing a novel COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 that, as of July 12, 2020, has caused a reported 12,322,395 cases and 556,335 deaths. To date, only two treatments, remdesivir and dexamethasone, have demonstrated clinical efficacy through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in seriously ill patients. The search for new or repurposed drugs for treatment of COVID-19 continues. We have witnessed anecdotal use of herbal medicines, including Artemisia spp. extracts, in low-income countries, and exaggerated claims of their efficacies that are not evidence based, with subsequent political controversy. These events highlight the urgent need for further research on herbal compounds to evaluate efficacy through RCTs, and, when efficacious compounds are identified, to establish the active ingredients, develop formulations and dosing, and define pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and safety to enable drug development. Derivatives from the herb Artemisia annua have been used as traditional medicine over centuries for the treatment of fevers, malaria, and respiratory tract infections. We review the bioactive compounds, pharmacological and immunological effects, and traditional uses for Artemisia spp. derivatives, and discuss the challenges and controversies surrounding current efforts and the scientific road map to advance them to prevent or treat COVID-19. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0820 PMCID: PMC7470522 PMID: 32705976 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those from authors and not of any government, organization, or institution. Disclosure: All authors have a specialist interest in emerging and reemerging pathogens. J. J. M.-T. is leading the COVID-19 Task Force Response in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). J. B. N. is a coprincipal investigator of TOGETHER, an adaptive randomized clinical trial of novel agents for the treatment of high-risk outpatient COVID-19 patients in South Africa supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Also, J. B. N. serves on the scientific program committee of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) and is a senior fellow alumni of the European Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership (EDCTP). A. Z. is a coprincipal investigator of the Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections (PANDORA-ID-NET; https://www.pandora-id.net/). Also, A. Z. is in receipt of an NIH Research Senior Investigator award. F. V. B. is research director of the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS).